Cuba

The situation
Cuba has faced a US trade embargo for more than 40 years. That was less of a problem in the past, when it used to trade with the Soviet Union (USSR).

However, when the USSR collapsed in 1990-91, Cuba was no longer able to import artificial fertilisers and pesticides. There was a food shortage, and people were on the point of starvation. The government had to take action to increase food production.

Government actions
Much of the soil was in poor condition as a result of overuse of artificial fertilisers and pesticides, so the government followed the advice of a small group of agricultural scientists who recommended sustainable, organic methods of farming. 80% of state-owned land has been handed over to private shareholder enterprises.

In the towns and cities, derelict land has been turned into vegetable gardens overseen by organic farming associations.

Impact on the people
Organic farmers are now in the top 10% of earners, above many medical doctors and academics. Fruit and vegetable production is growing by 250% a year, with the government paying for modern watering systems, greenhouses and plant nurseries.

Some of the bigger farms are starting to be able to export their organic oranges and sugar cane, whilst even the smaller farms around Havana are able to sell their excess harvests to foreign diplomats and business people.

From BBC, Greg Morsbach ‘Cuba’s organic revolution’

CUBA FACTS
Population: 11 million
Life expectancy: 73 years (men), 78 years (women)
Monetary unit: 1 Cuban peso = 100 centavos = $?
Main exports: Sugar, nickel, tobacco, shellfish, medical products, citrus, coffee
Average annual income: Not available
From BBC website